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    Myspace Text - http://www.mytextgraphics.com Wenches and Warriors Guild presents…. The Wenches and Warriors Group Page of shared pictures, information, upcoming events and special celebrations! At least once a month you will find all new information. To add to your characters or learn so..thing new or just see what’s going on! Look forward to seeing you again and again! Quotes and Poems Behsabe Bathing HOT sun, cool fire, tempered with sweet air, Black shade, fair nurse, shadow my white hair: Shine, sun; burn, fire; breathe, air, and ease ..; Black shade, fair nurse, shroud .., and please ..: Shadow, my sweet nurse, keep .. from burning, Make not my glad cause cause of mourning. Let not my beauty’s fire Infla.. unstaid desire, Nor pierce any bright eye That wandereth lightly. By George Peele (1599) Word of the Month! .. and You!! It’s all about ..: Add the word ".." after first person verbs: Examples: "I will sit .. down the while and think .. on this matter." Add the word "you" or "thee" to commands: Examples: "Pray, sit you down, my gentle friend." "Drink thee an ale with .., my ..rry fellow!" This Month In History! Birthday- March 6 Renaissance genius Michelangelo (1475-1564) was born in Caprese, Italy. He was a painter, sculptor, architect, poet and visionary best known for his fresco on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and his sculptures David and The Pieta Birthday- March 9 Italian explorer A..rigo Vespucci (1451-1512) was born in Florence, Italy. He explored South A..rica and the Amazon River, believing he had discovered a new continent. In 1507, a German mapmaker first referred to the lands discovered in the New World as A..rica. March 12, 1609 - The island of Bermuda was colonized by the British after a ship on its way to Virginia was wrecked on the reefs. Birthday - William Bradford (1589-1657) was born in Yorkshire, England. He sailed aboard the Mayflower during its 66-day voyage from Plymouth, England to Massachusetts in 1620. The small ship carried over 100 passengers and a crew of 30. It was originally bound for Virginia but landed far north on Cape Cod. The Mayflower Compact was then drawn up as a form of govern..nt. Bradford beca.. the first governor of the new Plymouth Colony, serving a total of 30 years, and was largely responsible for its success. Clothing/Patterns/accessiores- Here are so.. patterns for cloaks. Avoid overly modern trimmings and don’t cut armslits and you’ll be fine for the period: the cut of cloaks hasn’t changed much. Also cloaks are rare enough in society that they’ll look period to nearly anyone who sees one. The hard part will be finding so.. fabric that you like (and can afford). Nice rough wool is never cheap. Linen is a good period lining. Folkwear Kinsdale Cloak Butterick 3084 Butterick 6796 McCall’s 6774 Style 7110 Simplicity 7016 Simplicity 7781 Vogue 7110 Skills/Trades/Weapons- General Reference on Renaissance Fence or Swords & Arms: With select 18th & 19th century texts ".." E. D. Morton. 1992, Queen Anne’s Press. A useful listing of fencing terms dealing mostly with the modern sport form and that of the 18th and 19th centuries. Often cited as a source by other books. "Actors on Guard: A Practical Guide for the Use of the Rapier and Dagger for Stage and Screen" Dale Anthony Girard. This book desperately wanted to be a martial work but can’t escape the limitations of stage combat illusion. I would highly recom..nd it for theatrical perfor..rs, yes. But for martial replication and reconstruction...no. Very lengthy, but most of that is spent on theatrical considerations (not my kind of thing). He had the hard task of treating stage-combat as an art while recognizing the historical foundation. Includes a wealth of material overall and a great amount of detail on the historical foundations. Nicely illustrated too. Great scholarship and research. But he did rely too much though on Egerton Castle’s 19th century book rather than works of the original Masters. Also, mistakenly combines cut & thrust swords and rapiers as usual, thereby complicating matters. A few other faults here and there, but overall good. "Arms & Armor - A Pictorial Archive from 19th Century Sources" Dover Books. This offers interesting copyright free clip art of ..dieval and renaissance arms & armor mostly from Victorian sources. However, do not take all the illustrations literal as the Victorian were greatly misinfor..d in many instances. "Arms and Armor in Colonial A..rica, 1526-1783" Harold L. Peterson, N.Y.: Bramhall. A rare work presenting a surprising range of ..dieval & Renaissance swords and arms that were brought for defense by settlers. "Arms & Armour in Tudor & Stuart London" Martin R. Hol..s. London, 1957. Useful booklet with interesting information on English sword & armor makers. "Arms & Armor of the Pilgrims" Harold L. Peterson, Plymouth, p.p., 1957. 29p., 30 photos & diagrams. NOT REVIEWED. "Arms and Armour of the English Civil War" David Blackmore. Royal Armouries, 1990. Soft cover. An excellent reference work covering cavalry, infantry, and artillery. Many b&w photos and drawings. "Art, Arms and Armour, An International Anthology, Volu.. I: 1979-80" Robert Chiasso, editor:, Switzlerland, Acquafresca Editrice, 1979. "The Art Of Attack - being a study in the develop..nt of weapons...to the age of Gunpowder" H.S.Cowper, EP Publishing 1977, 312 pages including many line drawings, a study in the develop..nt of weapons and appliances of offense, from the earliest ti..s to the age of gunpowder. "The Arte of Defence" William Wilson. This short SCA pamphlet is a collection of essays and thoughts on rapier fence from a standard SCA point of view. Limited and incomplete, but a nice attempt. "Artists and Warfare in the Renaissance" J.R. hale, Yale University Press, 1990. Excellent iconographic resource for all manner of renaissance swords and blades from historical artwork. "A Bibliography of the Art and Sport of Fencing" Henk Pardoel. This edition is a black and white, perfect bound soft cover publication. It contains over 1,900 entries with so.. illustrations, 1995. $25.50 (Canadian). ISBN 0 88911 722 5. 1996 Com..morative Edition, ISBN 0-88911-724-1. Lists over 4,000 entries on 506 pages. "Boarders Away - With Steel- Edged Weapons & Polearms" William Gilkerson, Quarto, 160 pages, photo ills so.. in color, and line drawings. Describes naval weapons from the age of sail (cutlasses, etc.). NOT REVIEWED. "The Book of Duels" Philip Rush, London: George G. Harrap & Co., Ltd, c. 1964. illustrations and drawings. "Brassey’s History of Uniforms" The English Civil War. Philipp J.C. Elliot-Wright. Brassey’s, UK 1997. ISBN 857532112. A superb work covering extensive equip..nt and garb. Relies on many color photos of living-history and reenact..nt groups as well as historical artwork and drawings of arms & armor. A must. "British Cut And Thrust Weapons" John Wilkinson-Latham, 1971, 112 pp. NOT REVIEWED. "The 16th Century Italian Duel - A Study in Renaissance Social History" Frederick R. Brysan Ph.D., University of Chicago Press, 1938. A useful reference but so..what outdated. "Chivalry in the Renaissance" Edited by Sydney Anglo. Woodbridge [England]; Rochester, NY, USA, Boydell Press, 1990. "The Collector’s Encyclopedia of Antiques Arms and Armor" Bonanza Books, 1973. NOT REVIEWED. "A Complete Bibliography of Fencing and Dueling - As Practiced by All European Nations from the Middle Ages to the Present Day" Carl Thimm.(1896). Reprint. Firebird Press (January 1999), ISBN: 1565544455, 537 pages (& B. Blom 1968). A pri.. reference listing for serious researchers and scholars, so..what useful for enthusiasts and practitioners. Very often cited as a major source by other works. "The Complete Light Weapons Fighter" Wulfe Von Der Rus (a.k.a Bob Rush.) Southern Illinois University Press. This self published book by a knowledgeable fencer describes standard SCA epee fencing and attempts to put it into a more organized form based on certain historical principles. It offers basic sport fencing concepts from an SCA perspective along with other observations. It essentially recreates modern sport fencing with costu..s and historical move..nts. "Cut and Thrust Weapons" Edward Wagner, Spring Books, 1967. An interesting and very extensive general reference. It covers so.. aspects not found elsewhere and in an unique manner. Covers ..dieval weapons as well. "A Dictionary of Universally Used Fencing Terminology" William Gaugler, Laureate Press. This short little booklet is a very handy source for terms from the renaissance up to modern ti..s. Well written but lacking many historical Renaissance terms either no longer used in modern sport fencing or originating in the classical Italian and French schools. Plus it also completely entirely ignores and leaves out anything from the ..dieval period. "The Duel - A History of Dueling" Robert Baldick. Spring Books, 1965. This is the best (but still limited) works giving an overview of historical duels. "The Duel in European History: Honor and the Reign of Aristocracy" V. G. Kiernan, London: Oxford University Press, 1989. This translated French book is an academic, ponderous and exhausting read that gives few real insights for historical sword enthusiasts today. "The Duel: Its Rise in Early Modern France" F. Bellacois. Yale, 1990. Social history of the dueling pheno..na in France during the 16th and 17th centuries. NOT REVIEWED. "Dueling - The Cult Of Honor In Fin-De-Siecle Germany" Kevin Mcaleer, Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1994. 268 pp. "Dueling scenes and terms in Shakespeare’s plays" Horace S. Craig. Berkeley, Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1940. "Dueling Stories From the Sixteenth Century" George H. Powell. A. H. Bullen, London, 1904. Translation of "Discours sur les duels" 1614, by Branto... Excellent primary source for accounts of many major duels. "Edged Weapons of the Habsburg Monarchy" Sach, Moudry. Collection of more than 200 pieces, including all basic models of sabres, palashes, swords, daggers, bayonets, and staff weapons. "Elizabethan Military Science: The Books and the Practice" Henry J. Webb. Madison, The Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1965. 256 pp. "The Encyclopedia of the Sword" Nick Evangelista, NY: Greenwood Press, 1995. This impressive compilation is greatly flawed and highly suspect. Relying on only a handful of secondary references for nearly all its information (it even excludes Oakeshott’s major works for instance!) its entries offer little insight and no new scholarship. The author, a sport and theatrical fencing teacher offers a mountain of detailed information, unfortunately much of it highly irrelevant to the subject. The book obsesses with Hollywood swordplay and filters everything through the prism of modern sport fencing practice while omitting significant historical masters and texts. It offers a tre..ndous amount of information on sport fencing but suffers terribly from either misinformation or lack of facts on real sword forms and real historical swordsmanship. The result is a very mixed bag that continues to perpetuate the old standard myths and misconceptions about ..dieval and Renaissance swords as well as Asian ..thods. It is of use only to those who have no access to better references or primary sources. "The English Civil War 1642-1651 - An Illustrated Military History" Philip J. Haythornthwaite. A short but very well done and valuable work filled with detailed information. Very well illustrated. "English Martial Arts" Terry Brown. Anglo-Saxon Books, UK. Contains over 200 photographs and covers history, weapons, and techniques of English martial-arts mostly from the 1500’s to the 1700’s. Covers basket-hilted broadsword, sword & buckler, quarterstaff, bill, wrestling, and so.. sword & dagger using historical sources. It had much more it could have said, but is very well done, with very valuable material! It is a welco..d study, smoothly written. "European Swords" Anthony North. Victoria & Albert Museum, 1982. This is a tiny book by a museum curator covering only small swords and similar pieces. "European & A..rican Arms" London, 1962. - NOT REVIEWED "European Weapons and Warfare 1618-1648" Eduard Wagner. Svoboda, Czech. 1967. Octopus Books, English edition 1979. Eduard Wagner, Czechoslovakian arms curator, military historian, and fencer authored several great books on swords and weapons. He also produced a stupendous 290 page work on the 30-Years War. While not without flaws in its discussion of swords and armor, this rare book is a dream for reenactors. In splendid water color drawings it covers every conceivable aspect of military equip..nt and military activity among the armies in the conflict, including: cavalry, infantry, close order combat, discipline, punish..nts, fencing, artillery, supply trains, fortifications, field forts, river crossings and engineering equip..nt, horses and tack, wagons, clothing such as coats, hats, shoes, and trousers, weapons, firearms, and troop provisions. A splendid reference work if you can find it. "Fencing and Duelling in Shakespeare’s England" Sidney Lee, Edt. Vol. 2. 1917, Oxford. NOT REVIEWED. "Fight Directing for the Theater" J. Allen Suddeth, Master Fight Director. 1996, Heinemann Press, NH. Illustrated Society of A..rican Fight Director’s guide for faking it. Basic stage combat guide book. Contains very little of interest to fighters. "The First Kingdom of Atenveldt Academy of Fence" Another short SCA booklet and collection of essays on their stylistic version of rapier combat and role playing. This group effort offers a number of general observations as well as inaccuracies and nu..rous miss-impressions. "Five Centuries of Gunsmiths, Swordsmiths and Armourers 1400-1900" Col. Robert Edward Gardner. Columbus, Ohio: Walter F. Heer, Publisher, 1948. "Foil" Charles Selberg. University of Ca., Santa Cruz: Addison Wesley, 1976. Of all the books on modern sport fencing and its theories, this is among the top two worth reading for historical sword enthusiasts and practitioners. "The Forms and History of the Sword" Sir Frederick Pollock, London, Oxford Lectures, 1890. --- NOT REVIEWED "From ..dieval Sword to Renaissance Rapier – The Evolution of Straight Bladed Thrusting Weapons" Ada Bruhn Hoff..yer. Art, Arms, and Armor. An International Anthology.. Robert Held, Ed. Chiasso, 1979. P. 52-79. "Gaya’s Trait des Ar..s" Gaya, Louis de, 1678. Charles ffoulkes, editor, London, 1911. On siege engines for warfare. "Gentle..n, Swords And Pistols : the story of dueling in the 1800’s when Southern gentle..n fought and died upon the field of honor." Harnett T. Kane. 1951. Bonanza: New York, n.d.(1961). Reprint. "Handbook of Techniques" Dan Speaker, Academy of Theatrical Combat, LA, CA. 1995 Desktop published stage combat guide. NOT REVIEWED. Heroic Armor of the Italian Renaissance – Filippo Negroli and His Contemporaries Stuart W, Phryy and Jose-A. Godoy Abrams, 1999. Catalogs the ..t exhibit of beautiful Italian parade armor of exquisite designs and detailed craftsmanship. "A History of Fencing: Foundations of Modern European Swordplay" – William F. Gaugler, Laureate Press, 1998. Very useful but limited info from historical renaissance masters, leading to a detailed history of sport fencing. Genuinely useful data combined with the usual sporting prejudices and preconceptions. "How to Kill a Man at Your Ease: Fencing Books and The Dueling Ethic" Sydney Anglo. Antiquaries Journal, LXVII, 1988. p. 1-4. "Infantry Combat" Stuart Peachey, Stuart Press. A very short study from period sources on English Civil War foot soldiers. Of value more to military historians and warga..rs. "..n of Honour: A Social and Cultural History of the Duel" Ute Frevert. Cambridge, Polity Press in assoc. Blackwell, 1995 1st Eng. edn. with revisions to German text. "A wide-ranging account of the duel and its significance, from the early modern period to the twentieth century." "The Military Revolution - Military Innovation and the Rise of the West 1500-1800" Geofrey Parker, Cambridge Univ. press, 1988. An excellent textbook describing the "revolution" in Western military technology that began in the Renaissance. Great reading. "Milligen’s History of Dueling - Including narratives of the most remarkable personal encounters that have taken place from the earliest period to the present ti.." Dr. R. Milligen. Vol. I, London, 1841. Interesting accounts. "The Noble Science: A study and Transcription of Sloane Ms. 2530, papers of the Masters of Defence of London, Temp. Henry VIII to 1590" Herbert Berry. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses. 1991. This short work is essentially a theater historian’s notes on the records of the English Masters. Very interesting, but sadly limited reading for students of the London Company of Masters and Prize Playing. "On Fencing" Aldo Nadi. This is probably the number one book on modern sport fencing and one of the very few of value to historical sword enthusiasts and practitioners. "Pallas Armata - Military Essayes of the Ancient Grecian, Roman, and Modern Art of War - Written in the Years 1670 and 1671" Sir Ja..s Turner, London, Richard Chiswell, 1683. New York, Greenwood Press, 1968. Paradoxes of Defence – 1599 G. Silver. With an Introduction by J. Dover Wilson. Shakespeare Association Facsimile No. 6. Oxford Press, 1933. One of the earliest (and now rare) com..rcial reprints of Silver’s original manual, complete with both illustrations. "Poland: Edged Weapons 16th Century-20th Century" Kozlowski & Skoviera. 1994 An illustrated reference guide. Features daggers, sabres and swords, many makers na..s, navy, hallmarks and more. - NOT REVIEWED "Rapiers, An Illustrated Reference Guide" Eric Valentine. Stackpole Books, 1968. One of the best reference books on these weapons, this small book details many informative facts. "The Rapier and Small Sword 1460-1820" A. V. B. Norman. NY: Arno Press Inc., 1980. Likely the best treating of rapiers ever produced. It covers in exhaustive detail the many actual blades and hilts known. However, its focus is exclusively that of a museum curator and not a military historian or practitioner. "Renaissance War Studies" J. R. Hale. 1983. "The Schooles of Defence in Elizabethan London" Jay P. Anglin. in Renaissance Quarterly Vol. XXXVII No. 3. Autum 1983. pp. 393-410. NOT REVIEWED. "The Secret History of The Sword" J. Christoph Amberger, Ham..rterz Verlog Special Publication 0101, 1996. Baltimore Md. A stimulating and entertaining set of essays originally published in the Ham..rterz Forum fencing newsletter. Explores many obscure angles of our Western martial heritage. The new Volu.. 3 updating the previous edition with many new articles is now available. "Sir John Norreys and the Elizabethan Military World" John Nolan. 1998. ISBN: 0859895483. The first biography of Elizabeth I’s most trusted soldier. It chronicles Norreys’s life between 1570 and 1600, examining how Norreys built on his family’s personal friendship with Elizabeth to navigate the treacherous waters of the court and rise to prominence as a warrior and diplomat. The book incorporates English, Irish, Belgian, Dutch, Spanish and French archival material, including a number of previously unexploited English sources such as Norreys’ personal papers in the Bodleian Library. The life of Sir John Norreys is a tale of ambition, rivalry, corruption, violence and achieve..nt typical of the nobility of the Elizabethan age, and provides a marvellous "grand tour" of western Europe in a ti.. of budding imperialism, religious hatred, international intrigue and military innovation. "The Small-Sword in England - Its History, its Forms, its Makers, and its Masters" J.D. Aylward, Hutchinson’s Scientific & Technical Pub., London 1945, 132pp, 55 illus. NOT REVIEWED Sotheby’s Catalog of Fine A..rican and European Firearms and Edged Weapons Los Angeles, 1974. "South A..rican Fights & Fighters and Other Tales of Adventure" Cyrus Townsend Brady, ; NY: Doubleday, 1910 1st ed.. Chapters on Panama, Peru, Cortez, the second half of the book is on famous A..rican duels and a large section on John Paul Jones. "Spanish Arms and Armour - Being a Historical and Descriptive Account of the Royal Armoury of Madrid" Albert F. Calvert, John Lane, The Bodley Head. London & New York. 1907 1st edition. - NOT REVIEWED "Stage Combat" William Hobbs. The book’s title says it all. Despite being produced by the world’s foremost fight director and being the best book on the subject, this textbook offers little of interest to martialists or historical swords..n. "Stage Fights A Simple Handbook of Techniques" Gilbert Gordon. Theater Arts Books, 1973. A small, short book of simple theatrical cliches. "Swashbuckling: A Step-by-Step Guide to the Art of Stage Combat and Theatrical Swordplay" Richard Lane (Barry Day, John Gielgud). Li..lite, 1998. NOT REVIEWED "The Sword and the Centuries" Alfred Hutton. London (1901). Barnes & Noble reprint 1996. This older text provides interesting accounts and details of duels and fighting which have served as references for many later texts. Great reading by a classic author of the subject. "Swords and Daggers" John Hayward, 1963. - NOT REVIEWED "The Sword and Womankind Being a study of the influence of "The Queen of Weapons" upon the moral and social status of wo..n, etc." Edouard de Beaumont. London Imperial Press, 1905. Adapted from ’L’Epee et les Fem..s’. London The Society of British Bibliophiles, 1921. Limited edition. "Sword Fights: A Manual for Actors and Directors" Keith Ducklin and John Waller. Robert Hale, UK, 2000. 240 pages. With 5 fully-illustrated training sequences for two-hander; hand-and-a-half (in armour); sword and buckler; rapier and dagger; and smallsword. "Swords of Shakespeare" J. T. Martinez. This illustrated work offers so.. worthwhile observations on sword history and practice. Though, as it is directed exclusively to theatrical choreographers and Shakespearean actors, it would be better entitled The Big Book of How Not to Fight since it covers only the illusion of simple stage combat. "Techniques and Training for Staged Fighting. (Studies in Theatre Arts, Vol. 6)" Ja..s D. Strider. Edwin ..llen Pr., 1999. Text Book. NOT REVIEWED "Three Elizabethan Fencing Manuals" Ja..s L. Jackson. Delmar, 1972. This is one of the first modern books to offer versions of historical manuals. An excellent resource. "Tudor and Jacobean Tourna..nts" Alan R. Young, Sheridan House, 1987. ISBN 0911378758 - NOT REVIEWED "Two Rapier Points: Analyzing Elizabethan Fighting ..thods" A. L. Soens, Notes and Queries, 1968. NOT REVIEWED. "Weapons & Armor A pictorial Archive of Woodcuts and Engravings" Dover Books. This also offers copyright free clip art of ..dieval and renaissance arms & armor. Again, do not take all the illustrations at face value as the Victorians were greatly misinfor..d in many instances. "Weapons" The Diagram Group. Diagram Visual, 1980. A simple but informative work with strong graphics. "The Works of George Silver" Cyril G. R. Matthey, George Bell and Sons, London, 1898. The first actual publication of the original transcriptions of Silver’s sword texts from the 1590’s. An excellent vital reference from which all other Silver versions are taken Apple Fritters FRITTERS Take a little faire war.. water, as much sack, and take half flower half bread, mingle them altogether: then take five or six egges and break therein whites and all, a little nut..g, pepper and salt and cut in appells very small then take a faire skillet with suet and let it boyle on the fire and so put the batter in it. Old Ti.. Holiday’..’s Day (March) 1st St. David’s Day 21st Vernal (Spring) Equinox 25th Feast of the Annunciation Mothering Sunday (mid-March) Period Toys and Ga..s! Rolling Hoops They were popular amongst children of all statuses . So.. were made of a soft wood, but for peasant children a barrel ring would do just fine. Using a stick, children would roll the hoop. Playing ga..s like; trying to knock each others down, or racing. Song/instru..nt/famous singer/group The Lute! During the Renaissance the lute held the highest respect of all musical instru..nts. The repertoire for this courtly instru..nt is vast. Delicacy, expressiveness and nuance of performance were made possible when the use of a plectrum to pluck the strings was replaced by use of the fingers. The lute was an ideal accompani..nt for voice and other soft instru..nts, and the most eloquent of all solo instru..nts. In paintings and other art works the lute is often associated with Apollo, angels, or Orpheus, and it is often ..ntioned at climactic points in tragedies. On the other hand, the lute also played a prominent role in co..dy. The heroines of Dekker’s The Honest Whore and Marston’s The Dutch Courtesan are ".." lutenists. Shakespeare describes Katharina’s ill-fated lute lesson in The Taming of the Shrew: I did but tell her she mistook her frets, and bowed her hand to teach her fingering; When with a most impatient, devilish spirit, ’Frets, call you these?’ quoth she, ’I’ll fu.. with them.’ And with that word she struck .. on the head, And through the instru..nt my pate made way, And there I stood amazed for a while, As on a pillory, looking through the lute; While she did call .. rascal fiddler And twangling Jack, with twenty such vile terms, As had she studied to misuse .. so. Although the greatest repertoire for the lute is from England, the best makers were Germans who lived in Italy. The delicacy and expressiveness of Renaissance lute music is mirrored in the light construction of the instru..nt. Its belly is made of pine, often only one-sixteenth inch thick, with a carved sound-hole or rose in the middle. So.. lute bodies will allow light to pass through. Wooden bars glued underneath the belly strengthen it and add to the resonance. The pear shaped back is constructed from several ribs, shaped and bent over a mold, and then glued together edge to edge. These ribs may be made of sycamore, cedar, yew, or cypress, and often are no more than one-thirty-second of an inch in thickness. Stringing is light since the body is not able to withstand twelve or more strings at high tension. Plucking is done with the soft part of the fingers and thumb, not the nails. The best lute players use little motion of either hand Photos/Paintings/Artists- One of the key artistic figures of the second half of the 15th century, (Mantegna) was the dominant influence on north Italian painting for 50 years. DID You Know? An Italian poet by the na.. of Francesco Petrarch, who lived from 1304 to 1374, was the first to use the term ".." to describe that period. He convinced his influential friends that the way to bring the dark ages to an end was to revive the ideals preserved in the poetry, philosophy, and art of the ancient world. Love/Marriage/Flirting Laws relating to Marriage Marriage laws began to evolve during the Renaissance. The Council of Westminster decreed in 1076 that no man should give his daughter or female relative to anyone without priestly blessing. Later councils would decree that marriage should not be secret but held in the open. But it wasn’t until the 16th century Council of Trent that decreed a priest was required to perform the betrothal ceremony. Separation of couples was tolerated, but there was no legal divorce, though betrothals between those too closely related could be annulled. Marriage Customs Grooms, on the average, were 14 years older than their brides. Noble wo..n so..ti..s didn’t marry until the age of 24, but this was rare. More than 3/4 were married before they reached 19. By today’s standards, western Europe was inhabited by the young, with more than half of the population under 20 years of age MySpace Com..nts - Kisses MySpace Layouts - Kisses Religion/superstition /law /punish..nt Who says acting is just an art....Politics are another real part! From Rheims it is very likely that the young Shakespeare proceeded about 1580 to Lancashire, to take up a position as tutor to the rich recusant family of Hoghton, according to the general evidence provided by an actor in Shakespeare’s company that he had been ‘a schoolmaster in the country’ and the particular ..ntion of one William Shakeshafte in the will of Alexander Hoghton in 1581. And there we are left with the fascinating possibility of a ..eting between Shakespeare and Edmund Campion, who (we know) stayed with the Hoghtons in the spring of 1581. Shakespeare was, however, back in Stratford in 1582, when he married Anne Hathaway, and from her he had three children in 1583 and (twins) in 1585. In that year he left Stratford again. In particular, there is precise evidence of a visitor from Stratford on three occasions in the register of the English Pilgrim Hospice attached to the English College at Ro... The first visit took place in the year 1585, when William Allen and Robert Persons were ..eting in Ro.. to discuss a strategy to topple the Protestant regi.. in England. Further emphasis is laid on three successive noble patrons of the dramatist, beginning in Lancashire with Ferdinando Lord Strange, heir to the Earl of Derby, who kept a group of players for performances in both Lancashire and London, continuing with Henry Wriothesley Earl of Southampton, to whom the young poet dedicated his two volu..s of long poems, and culminating in Southampton’s friend Robert Devereux Earl of Essex. Famous People of the Renaissance! Edmund Spenser – 1552-1599 Edmund Spenser was born about 1552. As a young boy, he was educated in London at the ..rchant Taylors’ School and matriculated as a sizar at Pembroke College, Cambridge. [1] In the 1570s Spenser went to Ireland, probably in the service of the newly appointed lord deputy, Arthur Grey. From 1579 to 1580, he served with the English forces during the Second Desmond Rebellion. After the defeat of the rebels he was awarded lands in County Cork that had been confiscated in the Munster Plantation during the Elizabethan reconquest of Ireland. Among his acquaintances in the area was Walter Raleigh, a fellow colonist. Through his poetry Spenser hoped to secure a place at court, which he visited in Raleigh’s company to deliver his most famous work, the Faerie Queene. However, he boldly antagonized the queen’s principal secretary, Lord Burghley, and all he received in recognition of his work was a pension in 1591. When it was proposed that he receive pay..nt of 100 pounds for his epic poem, Burghley remarked, ".." In the early 1590s Spenser wrote a prose pamphlet titled, A View of the Present State of Ireland. This piece remained in manuscript form until its publication in print in the mid-seventeenth century. It is probable that it was kept out of print during the author’s lifeti.. because of its inflammatory content. The pamphlet argued that Ireland would never be totally ’pacified’ by the English until its indigenous language and customs had been destroyed, if necessary by violence. Spenser recom..nded scorched earth tactics, such as he had seen used in the Desmond Rebellions, to create famine. The paradox proposed by Spenser was that only by ..thods that overrode the rule of law could the conditions be created for the true establish..nt of the rule of law. Although it has been highly regarded as a polemical piece of prose and valued as a historical source on 16th century Ireland, the View is seen today as genocidal in intent. Spenser did express so.. praise for the Gaelic poetic tradition, but also used much tendentious and bogus analysis to demonstrate that the Irish were descended from barbarian Scythian stock. Spenser was driven from his ho.. by Irish rebels during the Nine Years War in 1598. His castle at Kilcolman, near Doneraile in North Cork was burned, and it is thought one of his infant children died in the blaze - though local legend has it that his wife also died. He possessed a second holding to the south, at Rennie, on a rock overlooking the river Blackwater in North Cork. The ruins of it are still visible today. A short distance away grew a tree, locally known as "Spenser’s Oak" until it was destroyed in a lightning strike in the 1960s. Local legend has it that he penned so.. or all of "the Faerie Queene" under this tree. Queen Victoria is said to have visited the tree while staying in nearby Convamore House during her state visit to Ireland before she died. In the following year Spenser traveled to London, where he died in distressed circumstances, aged forty-six. It was arranged for his coffin to be carried by other poets, upon which they threw many pens and pieces of poetry into his grave with many tears. Spenser was admired by William Wordsworth, John Keats, Lord Byron and Alfred Lord Tennyson,[citation needed] among others. The language of his poetry is purposely archaic, reminiscent of earlier works such as The Canterbury Tales of Geoffrey Chaucer, whom Spenser greatly admired. No Birthdays in March for Wenches and Warriors... But Happy Birthday to all ..mbers who do have a Bithday in March!!
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